1. Milu yolipira ndi zida zowonjezera mphamvu zamagalimoto atsopano, ndipo pali kusiyana kwachitukuko kunyumba ndi kunja.
1.1.Mulu wolipiritsa ndi chida chowonjezera mphamvu chamagetsi atsopano
Mulu wolipiritsa ndi chipangizo cha magalimoto atsopano opangira mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu zamagetsi.Kumagalimoto amagetsi atsopano ndi momwe malo opangira mafuta amapangira magalimoto.Kapangidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka milu yolipiritsa ndizosavuta kuposa malo opangira mafuta, komanso mitundu yake ndi yolemera.Malinga ndi mawonekedwe oyikapo, imatha kugawidwa m'milu yolipiritsa yokhala ndi khoma, milu yolipiritsa yoyima, milu yoyitanitsa mafoni, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe ndizoyenera mafomu osiyanasiyana atsamba;
Malinga ndi kagawidwe ka zochitika zogwiritsiridwa ntchito, zitha kugawidwa m'milu yolipiritsa anthu, milu yolipiritsa yapadera, milu yolipiritsa payekha, ndi zina zambiri. Milu yolipiritsa pagulu imapereka ntchito zolipiritsa anthu kwa anthu, ndipo milu yolipiritsa yapadera nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito mkati mwa nyumbayo. mulu wa kampani, pomwe milu yolipiritsa payekha imayikidwa mumilu yoyitanitsa payekha.Malo oimika magalimoto, osatsegukira anthu;
Malinga ndi gulu la kuthamanga kwa liwiro (mphamvu yolipiritsa), imatha kugawidwa mumilu yothamangitsa mwachangu komanso milu yotsitsa pang'onopang'ono;malinga ndi gulu laukadaulo wapacharging, imatha kugawidwa mumilu yolipiritsa ya DC ndi milu yolipiritsa ya AC.Nthawi zambiri, milu yolipiritsa ya DC imakhala ndi mphamvu zowonjezera komanso kuthamanga kwachangu, pomwe milu yochapira ya AC imatsika pang'onopang'ono.
Ku United States, milu yolipiritsa nthawi zambiri imagawidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi mphamvu, zomwe Level 1 ndiGawo 2nthawi zambiri amakhala milu yolipiritsa ya AC, yomwe ili yoyenera pafupifupi magalimoto onse amphamvu, pomwe kuthamangitsa mwachangu sikoyenera kwa magalimoto onse amphamvu, ndipo Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana imachokera kumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mawonekedwe monga J1772, CHAdeMO, Tesla, ndi zina zambiri.
Pakali pano, palibe mulingo wogwirizana wacharge padziko lonse lapansi.Miyezo yayikulu yamawonekedwe ikuphatikiza ku China GB/T, CHAOmedo waku Japan, IEC 62196 ya European Union, United States' SAE J1772, ndi IEC 62196.
1.2.Kukula kwa magalimoto amagetsi atsopano ndi thandizo la ndondomeko zimayendetsa chitukuko chokhazikika cha milu yolipiritsa m'dziko langa
dziko langa latsopano mphamvu galimoto makampani kukula mofulumira.magalimoto atsopano amphamvu a dziko langa akupitirizabe kukula, makamaka kuyambira 2020, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi atsopano kwawonjezeka mofulumira, ndipo ndi 2022 kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amphamvu atsopano kwadutsa 25%.Chiwerengero cha magalimoto atsopano opangira mphamvu chidzapitirira kuwonjezeka.Malinga ndi ziwerengero za Unduna wa Zachitetezo cha Anthu, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto amagetsi atsopano ku kuchuluka kwa magalimoto onse mu 2022 kudzafika 4.1%.
Boma lapereka ndondomeko zingapo zothandizira chitukuko cha makampani olipira milu.Kugulitsa ndi umwini wa magalimoto atsopano amphamvu m'dziko langa akupitiriza kukula, ndipo mofananamo, kufunikira kwa malo opangira ndalama kukukulirakulira.Pachifukwa ichi, maboma ndi madipatimenti am'deralo oyenerera apereka ndondomeko zingapo zolimbikitsa mwamphamvu chitukuko cha makampani olipira milu, kuphatikizapo kuthandizira ndondomeko ndi chitsogozo, ndalama zothandizira ndalama, ndi zolinga zomanga.
Ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa magalimoto atsopano amphamvu ndi kulimbikitsa ndondomeko, chiwerengero cha milu yolipiritsa m'dziko langa chikupitiriza kukula.Pofika Epulo 2023, kuchuluka kwa milu yolipiritsa mdziko langa ndi 6.092 miliyoni.Mwa iwo, kuchuluka kwa milu yolipiritsa anthu kumawonjezeka ndi 52% pachaka mpaka mayunitsi 2.025 miliyoni, pomwe milu yolipiritsa ya DC inali 42%Milu yopangira ACadawerengera 58%.Popeza milu yolipiritsa payekha nthawi zambiri imasonkhanitsidwa ndi magalimoto, kukula kwa umwini kumakulirakulira.Mofulumira, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa 104% mpaka mayunitsi 4.067 miliyoni.
Chiŵerengero cha magalimoto ndi milu m'dziko langa ndi 2.5: 1, pomwe chiŵerengero cha magalimoto a anthu onse ndi 7.3: 1.Chiŵerengero cha magalimoto ndi milu, ndiko kuti, chiŵerengero cha magalimoto atsopano amphamvu ndi milu yolipiritsa.Kuchokera pakuwona kwazinthu, pofika kumapeto kwa 2022, chiŵerengero cha magalimoto ku milu m'dziko langa chidzakhala 2.5: 1, ndipo zochitika zonse zikuchepa pang'onopang'ono, ndiko kuti, zipangizo zolipiritsa magalimoto atsopano amphamvu zikukonzedwa mosalekeza.Pakati pawo, chiŵerengero cha magalimoto a anthu ndi milu ndi 7.3: 1, yomwe yawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono kuyambira kumapeto kwa 2020. Chifukwa chake ndi chakuti malonda a magalimoto atsopano amphamvu akukula mofulumira ndipo kukula kwawonjezeka kupitirira ntchito yomanga yolipiritsa anthu. milu;chiŵerengero cha magalimoto aumwini ndi milu ndi 3.8: 1, kusonyeza kuchepa pang'onopang'ono.Mchitidwewu makamaka chifukwa cha zinthu monga kukwezeleza bwino kwa ndondomeko za dziko kulimbikitsa kumanga milu yolipiritsa payekha m'madera okhalamo.
Pankhani ya kuwonongeka kwa milu yolipiritsa pagulu, kuchuluka kwa milu ya anthu a DC: kuchuluka kwa milu yapagulu ya AC ≈ 4: 6, kotero chiŵerengero cha milu yapagulu ya DC ndi pafupifupi 17.2: 1, yomwe ili yokwera kuposa chiŵerengero cha anthu AC. milu ya 12.6:1.
Chiŵerengero chowonjezereka cha galimoto-to-mulu chikuwonetsa kusintha kwapang'onopang'ono pang'onopang'ono.Kuchokera pamalingaliro owonjezereka, popeza milu yatsopano yolipiritsa pamwezi, makamaka milu yatsopano yolipiritsa anthu, sizigwirizana kwambiri ndi kugulitsa magalimoto amagetsi atsopano, zimakhala ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu ndikupangitsa kusinthasintha kwa mulu wa magalimoto atsopano pamwezi.Chifukwa chake, kotala Caliber imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi mulu, ndiko kuti, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto omwe angowonjezeredwa kumene: kuchuluka kwa milu yolipiritsa kumene.Mu 2023Q1, chiŵerengero chatsopano cha galimoto ndi milu ndi 2.5: 1, kusonyeza kutsika pang'onopang'ono.Pakati pawo, chiŵerengero chatsopano cha magalimoto amtundu wa anthu ndi 9.8: 1, ndipo chiŵerengero chatsopano cha galimoto yachinsinsi ndi 3.4: 1, chomwe chimasonyezanso kusintha kwakukulu.mayendedwe.
1.3.Kumanga kwa malo operekera kunja kwa nyanja sikwabwino, ndipo kukula kwake ndi kwakukulu
1.3.1.Europe: Kupanga mphamvu zatsopano ndi kosiyana, koma pali mipata pamilu yolipiritsa
Magalimoto amagetsi atsopano ku Europe akukula mwachangu ndipo ali ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cholowera.Europe ndi amodzi mwa madera omwe amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chitetezo cha chilengedwe padziko lapansi.Motsogozedwa ndi ndondomeko ndi malamulo, makampani opanga magalimoto amphamvu ku Europe akukula mwachangu ndipo kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zatsopano kumakwera.Kufikira 21.2%.
Chiŵerengero cha magalimoto ndi milu ku Ulaya ndichokwera, ndipo pali kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malo opangira ndalama.Malinga ndi ziwerengero za IEA, chiŵerengero cha milu yamagalimoto a anthu onse ku Europe chidzakhala pafupifupi 14.4: 1 mu 2022, pomwe milu yothamangitsa anthu mwachangu idzangokhala 13%.Ngakhale msika waku Europe wamagalimoto opangira mphamvu zatsopano ukukula mwachangu, ntchito yomanga malo oyitanitsa ndikubwerera m'mbuyo, ndipo pali zovuta monga zolipiritsa zochepa komanso kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono.
Kukula kwa mphamvu zatsopano sikuli kofanana pakati pa mayiko a ku Ulaya, ndipo chiŵerengero cha magalimoto amtundu ndi milu ndi chosiyana.Pankhani yogawikana, Norway ndi Sweden ali ndi kuchuluka kwamphamvu kwambiri kwamphamvu zatsopano, kufika 73.5% ndi 49.1% motsatana mu 2022, ndipo chiŵerengero cha magalimoto amtundu uliwonse m'mayiko awiriwa ndi apamwamba kuposa chiwerengero cha ku Ulaya, kufika pa 32,8: 1 ndi 25.0 motsatana: 1.
Germany, United Kingdom, ndi France ndi mayiko akuluakulu ogulitsa magalimoto ku Europe, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zatsopano kumakweranso.Mu 2022, mphamvu zatsopano zolowera mphamvu ku Germany, United Kingdom, ndi France zidzafika pa 28.2%, 20.3%, ndi 17.3%, motero, ndipo magalimoto amtundu wa anthu adzakhala 24.5: 1, 18.8: 1, ndi 11.8 :1, motsatira.
Pankhani ya ndondomeko, European Union ndi maiko ambiri aku Europe motsatizana akhazikitsa ndondomeko zolimbikitsira kapena kulipiritsa malamulo a subsidy okhudzana ndi kumanga malo olipiritsa kuti alimbikitse chitukuko cha zolipiritsa.
1.3.2.United States: Nyumba zolipiritsa zikufunika kukonzedwa mwachangu, ndipo boma ndi mabizinesi amagwirira ntchito limodzi
Monga umodzi mwamisika yayikulu kwambiri yamagalimoto padziko lonse lapansi, United States yapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono pankhani yamagetsi atsopano kuposa China ndi Europe.Mu 2022, kugulitsa kwa magalimoto atsopano amphamvu kudzaposa 1 miliyoni, ndikulowa pafupifupi 7.0%.
Nthawi yomweyo, kutukuka kwa msika wapagulu ku United States kulinso pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zolipiritsa zaboma sizinathe.Mu 2022, chiŵerengero cha magalimoto aboma ku milu ku United States chidzakhala 23.1: 1, pomwe milu yothamangitsa anthu mwachangu idzawerengera 21.9%.
United States ndi mayiko ena aperekanso mfundo zolimbikitsa zolipiritsa malo, kuphatikiza ntchito ya boma la US yomanga milu yolipiritsa 500,000 yokwana US $ 7.5 biliyoni.Zonse zomwe zilipo ku mayiko pansi pa pulogalamu ya NEVI ndi $ 615 miliyoni mu FY 2022 ndi $ 885 miliyoni mu FY 2023. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti milu yolipiritsa yomwe ikugwira nawo ntchito ya boma la United States iyenera kupangidwa ku United States (kuphatikizapo njira zopangira zinthu). monga nyumba ndi msonkhano), ndipo pofika Julayi 2024, osachepera 55% yazinthu zonse zofunikira ziyenera kubwera kuchokera ku United States.
Kuphatikiza pa zolimbikitsira mfundo, makampani olipira milu ndi makampani amagalimoto alimbikitsanso ntchito yomanga malo opangira ndalama, kuphatikiza kutsegulira kwa Tesla gawo la network yolipira, ndi ChargePoint, BP ndi makampani ena amagalimoto omwe amagwirizana kuti atumize ndikumanga milu.
Makampani ambiri ogulitsa milu padziko lonse lapansi akugulitsanso ndalama ku United States kuti akhazikitse likulu latsopano, malo opangira zinthu kapena mizere yopangira kuti apange milu yolipiritsa ku United States.
2. Ndi chitukuko chofulumira chamakampani, msika wotsatsa kunja kwa nyanja ndi wosinthika kwambiri.
2.1.Cholepheretsa kupanga chagona mu module yolipiritsa, ndipo cholepheretsa kupita kutsidya kwa nyanja chili mu certification wamba.
2.1.1.Mulu wa AC uli ndi zotchinga zochepa, ndipo pakatikati pa mulu wa DC ndi gawo lolipiritsa
Zotchinga zopangira milu yolipiritsa ya AC ndizochepa, ndipo gawo lolipiritsa limalowaDC yopangira milundiye chigawo chapakati.Kuchokera pamawonedwe a mfundo zogwirira ntchito ndi kapangidwe kake, kutembenuka kwa AC/DC kwa magalimoto atsopano amphamvu kumazindikirika ndi chojambulira chomwe chili mkati mwagalimoto panthawi yolipiritsa AC, kotero kapangidwe ka mulu wothamangitsa wa AC ndi wosavuta komanso mtengo wake ndi wotsika. .Mu kulipiritsa kwa DC, njira yosinthira kuchokera ku AC kupita ku DC iyenera kumalizidwa mkati mwa mulu wolipiritsa, chifukwa chake iyenera kuzindikirika ndi gawo lolipira.Module yolipira imakhudza kukhazikika kwa dera, magwiridwe antchito ndi chitetezo cha mulu wonse.Ndilo gawo lalikulu la mulu wolipiritsa wa DC komanso chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zili ndi zotchinga zapamwamba kwambiri.Otsatsa ma module akuphatikiza Huawei, Infy power, Sinexcel, etc.
2.1.2.Kudutsa certification wamba ndi chinthu chofunikira pabizinesi yakunja
Zolepheretsa satifiketi zilipo m'misika yakunja.China, Europe, ndi United States apereka ziphaso zoyenera zolipiritsa milu, ndipo kupitilira satifiketi ndikofunikira kuti mulowe mumsika.Miyezo ya certification yaku China ikuphatikiza CQC, ndi zina zambiri, koma palibe mulingo wovomerezeka wa certification pakadali pano.Miyezo ya ziphaso ku United States ikuphatikiza UL, FCC, Energy Star, ndi zina zotero. Miyezo ya ziphaso ku European Union makamaka ndi satifiketi ya CE, ndipo maiko ena aku Europe aperekanso malingaliro awoawo agawidwe satifiketi.Pazonse, zovuta za miyezo ya certification ndi United States > Europe > China.
2.2.Zapakhomo: Kuchuluka kwa magwiridwe antchito kutha, mpikisano wowopsa mu ulalo wonse wa mulu, ndi kukula kosalekeza kwa malo.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa ogwiritsa ntchito milu yolipiritsa m'nyumba ndikokwera kwambiri, ndipo pali opikisana nawo ambiri pamilu yonse yolipiritsa, ndipo masanjidwewo ndi amwazikana.Kuchokera pamalingaliro olipira omwe akuchita milu, akaunti ya Telefoni ndi Xingxing Charging pafupifupi 40% ya msika wapagulu womwe umalipira anthu ambiri, ndipo msika ndiwokwera kwambiri, CR5 = 69.1%, CR10 = 86.9%, pomwe msika wapagulu wa DC CR5 =80.7%, The public communication mulu market CR5=65.8%.Kuyang'ana msika wonse kuchokera pansi mpaka pamwamba, ogwira ntchito osiyanasiyana apanganso zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana, monga Telefoni, Xingxing Charging, etc., kuyala kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mndandanda wa mafakitale kuphatikizapo ndondomeko yonse yopangira, ndipo palinso monga Xiaoju Charging, Cloud Quick Charging, ndi zina zotere zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito kuwala Mtundu wa katundu umapereka njira zothetsera masiteshoni a gulu lachitatu kwa wopanga milu yonse kapena woyendetsa.Pali ambiri opanga milu yathunthu ku China.Kupatula mitundu yophatikizira yoyima monga Telefoni ndi Star Charging, milu yonseyo imabalalika.
Chiwerengero cha milu yolipiritsa anthu m'dziko langa chikuyembekezeka kufika pa 7.6 miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2030. Poganizira za chitukuko cha mafakitale amagetsi atsopano a dziko langa ndi ndondomeko ya ndondomeko ya dziko, zigawo ndi mizinda, akuti pofika chaka cha 2025 ndi 2030 kuchuluka kwa milu yolipiritsa anthu ku China kudzafika pa 4.4 miliyoni ndi 7.6 miliyoni motsatana, ndi 2022-2025E ndi 2025E CAGR ya -2030E ndi 35.7% ndi 11.6% motsatana.Nthawi yomweyo, kuchuluka kwa milu yolipiritsa anthu mwachangu m'milu ya anthu idzawonjezekanso pang'onopang'ono.Akuti pofika chaka cha 2030, 47.4% ya milu yolipiritsa anthu idzakhala milu yothamangitsa mwachangu, kupititsa patsogolo luso la ogwiritsa ntchito.
2.3.Europe: Kumanga milu yolipiritsa kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa milu yothamangitsa kukukulirakulira.
Kutengera chitsanzo ku UK, kuchuluka kwa msika kwa omwe amalipira milu ndi kotsika kuposa aku China.Monga imodzi mwa mayiko akuluakulu amphamvu zatsopano ku Ulaya, chiwerengero cha milu yolipiritsa anthu ku UK chidzawerengera 9.9% mu 2022. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a msika waku Britain wothamangitsa mulu, msika wonsewo ndiwotsika kuposa msika wa China. .Pamsika wapagulu wapagulu, ubitricity, Pod Point, bp pulse, etc. ali ndi gawo lalikulu pamsika, CR5 = 45.3%.Milu yothamangitsa anthu mwachangu komanso milu yothamangitsa kwambiri Pakati pawo, InstaVolt, bp pulse, ndi Tesla Supercharger (kuphatikiza otseguka ndi ena enieni a Tesla) adapitilira 10%, ndi CR5 = 52.7%.Pambali yonse yopanga milu, osewera akulu amsika akuphatikiza ABB, Nokia, Schneider ndi zimphona zina zamafakitale pagawo lamagetsi, komanso makampani amagetsi omwe amazindikira masanjidwe amakampani omwe amalipira milu mwa kugula.Mwachitsanzo, BP idapeza imodzi mwamakampani akuluakulu opangira magalimoto amagetsi ku UK ku 2018. 1. Chargemaster ndi Shell adapeza ubitricity ndi ena mu 2021 (BP ndi Shell onse ndi zimphona zazikulu zamakampani amafuta).
Mu 2030, chiwerengero cha milu yolipiritsa anthu ku Europe chikuyembekezeka kufika 2.38 miliyoni, ndipo kuchuluka kwa milu yothamangitsa mwachangu kupitilira kukula.Malinga ndi kuyerekezera, pofika 2025 ndi 2030, kuchuluka kwa milu yolipiritsa anthu ku Europe kudzafika pa 1.2 miliyoni ndi 2.38 miliyoni motsatana, ndipo CAGR ya 2022-2025E ndi 2025E-2030E idzakhala 32.8% ndi 14.7% motsatana.adzalamulira, koma kuchuluka kwa milu yothamangitsira anthu mwachangu kukuchulukiranso.Akuti pofika 2030, 20.2% ya milu yolipiritsa anthu idzakhala milu yothamangitsa mwachangu.
2.4.United States: Malo amsika ndi osinthika kwambiri, ndipo mitundu yakumaloko ikulamulira
Kuchuluka kwa msika wapaintaneti ku United States ndikokwera kuposa ku China ndi ku Europe, ndipo mitundu yakomweko ndi yomwe imayang'anira.Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa malo opangira ma netiweki, ChargePoint ili pamalo otsogola ndi gawo la 54.9%, kutsatiridwa ndi Tesla ndi 10.9% (kuphatikiza Level 2 ndi DC Fast), kutsatiridwa ndi Blink ndi SemaCharge, omwenso ndimakampani aku America.Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa ma doko a EVSE omwe akulipiritsa, ChargePoint akadali apamwamba kuposa makampani ena, omwe amawerengera 39.3%, kutsatiridwa ndi Tesla, omwe amawerengera 23.2% (kuphatikiza Level 2 ndi DC Fast), akutsatiridwa ndi makampani ambiri aku America.
Mu 2030, chiwerengero cha milu yolipiritsa anthu ku United States chikuyembekezeka kufika 1.38 miliyoni, ndipo kuchuluka kwa milu yothamangitsa mwachangu kupitilira kukula.Malinga ndi kuyerekezera, pofika 2025 ndi 2030, kuchuluka kwa milu yolipiritsa anthu ku United States kudzafika 550,000 ndi 1.38 miliyoni motsatana, ndipo CAGR ya 2022-2025E ndi 2025E-2030E idzakhala 62.6% ndi 20 motsatana.Mofanana ndi momwe zinthu zilili ku Ulaya, milu yothamangitsa Pang'onopang'ono ikadalipo ambiri, koma kuchuluka kwa milu yothamangitsa mwachangu kupitilirabe kukula.Akuti pofika 2030, 27.5% ya milu yolipiritsa anthu idzakhala milu yothamangitsa mwachangu.
2.5.Kuwerengera Malo a Msika
Kutengera kuwunika komweku kwamakampani omwe amalipira anthu ambiri ku China, Europe, ndi United States, akuganiza kuti kuchuluka kwa milu yolipiritsa anthu kudzakula pa CAGR panthawi ya 2022-2025E, komanso kuchuluka kwa milu yatsopano yolipiritsa. zowonjezeredwa chaka chilichonse zidzapezedwa pochotsa chiwerengero cha zomwe zili.Pankhani ya mtengo wazinthu, milu yolipiritsa pang'onopang'ono yapakhomo imagulidwa pa 2,000-4,000 yuan/set, ndipo mitengo yakunja ndi 300-600 dollars/set (ndiko kuti, 2,100-4,300 yuan/set).Mtengo wa zoweta 120kW kudya-charging milu ndi 50,000-70,000 yuan/set, pamene mtengo wakunja 50-350kW milu kudya-charging akhoza kufika 30,000-150,000 dollars/set, ndi mtengo wa 120kW 50,000 milu, 00-00 charging. -60,000 madola / seti.Akuti pofika chaka cha 2025, msika wonse wa milu yolipiritsa anthu ku China, Europe, ndi United States udzafika pa 71.06 biliyoni.
3. Kusanthula makampani akuluakulu
Makampani akumayiko akunja omwe ali ndi milu yolipiritsa akuphatikiza ChargePoint, EVBox, Blink, BP Pulse, Shell, ABB, Siemens, ndi zina. Makampani apakhomo akuphatikizapo Autel, Sinexcel,CHINAEVSE, TGOOD, Gresgying, ndi zina zotero. Pakati pawo, makampani amilu yapakhomo nawonso apita patsogolo kupita kunja.Mwachitsanzo, zinthu zina za CHINAEVSE zapeza satifiketi ya UL, CSA,Energy Star ku United States ndi CE, UKCA, MID certification ku European Union.CHINAEVSE alowa BP Mndandanda wa ogulitsa milu yolipiritsa ndi opanga.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-10-2023